What is The Leibniz Cosmological Argument or The Contingency Argument or The Principle of Sufficient Reason?

Leibniz was a German philosopher, mathematician, theologian, and scientist, whose achievements included the invention of calculus. 

The Principle of Sufficient Reason states that everything must have a reason or a cause. 

The principle has a variety of expressions, all of which are perhaps best summarized by the following:

  1. For every entity X, if X exists, then there is a sufficient explanation for why X exists.
  2. For every event E, if E occurs, then there is a sufficient explanation for why E occurs.
  3. For every proposition P, if P is true, then there is a sufficient explanation for why P is true.

Source: Wikipedia